Produced from carefully. The microclimate surrounding the Estate and its deep soils produce an excellent quality 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee. 95 Reviews. Blue mountain is a coffee with long history dating back to the 1st and 2nd wave of coffee. Some people see it as boring because it's just smooth as opposed to having tons of character. Blue Mountain Coffee – JABLUM Jamaica. Call us today to reserve your coffee, phone 403-380-4555. Known for its sweet, floral taste, bright acidity and lack of bitterness , authentic Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is one of the rarest and most expensive coffees available. $ 29. 50 Sale price $15. We are #1 Grade 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee!Blockchain technology is helping provide authentication for genuine beans. Today is the leading source for Blue Mountain Coffee in the US. Seventy per cent of Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee production. 100% Pure Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee. 95 Sale. $55. 1; 2; 3. Plantation Blue offers a solid range of 100% Blue Mountain bags and compelling blends at flexible sizes. We only have it in 3/4 pound bags and you have to reserve your bag in advance. 95A coffee whose flavors dance in the mouth. 100% certified Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee, Grade #1 is one of the most expensive coffees in all of the world, but its decadence makes up for the price. 00. Estate coffees, or single-farm coffees, are a specific type of single-origin coffee. Shop Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee from JABLUM, Wallenford and Mavis Bank Coffee Estates. Single Origin Jamaica Blue Mountain (Out of the Grey Coffee) – Blue Baron Estate. Add to CartCafe Blue – 100% Authentic Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee, 1LB Whole Bean, from Clifton Mount Estate, Medium Roast, jamaican Arabica Coffee Beans, Coffee Bag 4. Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee is among the world’s most sought after gourmet products, protected by closely guarded certification standards and the traditions of an historic industry in Jamaica. Andrew and owned by Japan-based Ueshima Coffee Company. At 5,000 ft, Sir John's Peak is one of the highest points in the certified Blue Mountain Coffee area. While roaming the property you’ll notice coffee blossoms and beans among the plants. The region grows arabica coffee, including a unique mutation of the Typica heirloom cultivar, also (confusingly) known as Jamaica Blue Mountain. Jamaica Blue Mountain Estate is one of the world's most exclusive coffees. 95; at Dean & DeLuca, $17 and $18. THEIR CURRENT SELECTION. 1 for both the roasted beans and roasted ground. Prized for its smooth, mild characteristics and lack of bitterness, it is particularly popular in Japan, which imports around 75% of total output. ABOUT THIS BLUE MOUNTAIN. A one-way valve allows the Co2 produced from roasting to 'gas off' slowly. 125g. Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee is among the world’s most sought after gourmet products, protected by closely guarded certification standards and the traditions of an historic industry in Jamaica. 0 out of 5. Jamaica Blue Mountain coffee has virtually no bitterness. Jamaican coffee beans from the Blue Mountains are grown thousands of feet above sea level. By the end of the day, you gain 4,000 feet of elevation. 81 $7. Sometimes it makes the most amazing coffee ever. Jamaican Blue Mountain Gr. Size: 1 Pound (Pack. As a modern producer and processor, Blue Mountain Best combines community-focused sourcing with large. Andrew parish, the Clydesdale Estate is at the center of the Blue Mountain coffee. Tour begins and ends at Strawberry Hill Hotel, Spa, & Gardens. 5-acre farm in. St. Balanced sweet flavour with caramel, buttery, berry notes and full body. Cafe Blue – 100% Authentic Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee, 8 oz Whole Bean, from Clifton Mount Estate, Medium Roast,. Clifton Mount is 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee. 5. · 10 March 2023. It has a full flavor, nice balance, and provides all the satisfaction one could want with a strong and intense. Blue Mountain Coffee Estate Tour. Coffee Sampler. Owned by the Minott family who have been growing and processing coffee for over 68 years. Volcanica sources it's Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee beans from Catherine's Peak, a part of the Clifton Mount Estate, one of the oldest coffee plantations in Jamaica. Get Quote Call (876) 350-7449 WhatsApp (876). It is smooth and velvety, and has a sweet lingering aftertaste. Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee Beans from highly regarded Estates. Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee. 1 Flat Bean. 00 1 pound $65. Nicholas Coffee & Tea Co. specialty green coffee beans from jamaica and the world. Today Rocksteady employs 13 people, 80 per cent women in growing, processing and distributing organic, single origin, gourmet, 100 per cent Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee from its 17. 00. Additional Information: Drying: Sun Dry Process; Farm: Wallenford Estate; PH: 5. 100% Kona Coffee - Medium Dark Roast Single Serve Cups by Hualalai Estate - 12 count - Premium Ground Kona Coffee. Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee, Clifton Mount Estate, 100% Certified, Ground, Fresh Roasted, with Blue Velvet Bag,16-ounce . 100% Certified Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee in a single serve K-Cup style pod. Jamaican Blue Mountain. Blue Mountain coffee may be prestigious, but it’s perfectly okay to start out small. This coffee is grown in a variety of locations throughout the parish, including St. Top 5 Fall Coffee Flavors for Thanksgiving. com; $1,001 - $3,000 / Between. 4 out of 5 stars 1,236Cafe Blue – 100% Authentic Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee, 8 oz Whole Bean, from Clifton Mount Estate, Medium Roast, Premium Arabica Coffee Beans, Coffee Bag of (227 Grams) 4. We buy our Blue Mountain Coffee direct from the estates in Jamaica. With a history reaching back to 1838 in Jamaica, today's Jamaica Blue Mountain is grown on the Wallenford Estate, within a small & strictly defined region in the Eastern Blue Mountains at. He also took me all around Kingston to the Chinese Garden at Hope Gardens, Devon House, Bob Marley and more. Andrew and St. 100% certified by the Jamaica Coffee Board, single cup coffee, medium and dark roasts, Peaberry, single estate coffee, micro-farms, roasted daily. In stock. While many others still travel to Jamaica to buy coffee. It is, overall, attributed to the wet process of washing the coffee beans. Although historically demarcated as such, market demand for the higher. 3 out of 5 stars 381 $37. The estate is run by David, son of owners Dorothy and the late, great coffee farmer Alex Twyman. World's Best Coffee is Gold Star Coffee. 12 Single Cups of 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee offered in both Medium and Dark roasts. Save up to 30% with bulk discounts . It is also, of course, an American coffee; at least, it has been since 1898 when Hawaii became a U. 95 and $16. Great body, nutty, mild. 4. Sold out. Great for the traveling coffee gourmet, or as individual gifts! $43. Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee special purchase bundles. 00 Quick View. 95. Qty: $84. This popular luxury coffee is well-balanced with fruit flavor, balanced acidity and a strong, intense aroma. Both of these together make it a perfect area for growing coffee beans. Quantity. Sir John’s Peak 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee, Includes Geisha. Jamaica is known for having some of the best coffees in the world, especially since Jamaica is home to the one and only Jamaica Blue Mountain Estate Coffee – one of the most expensive coffees in the world. Recently viewed. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. You visit two historic estate houses on this Jamaica coffee tour, as you weave your way across the mountainside. Best Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee beans (reviews) Here are a few highly recommended providers of 100% authentic blue mountain coffee beans: 1. These classifications are Blue Mountain No. $ 39. The 300-year-old Clifton House sits on the edge of a mountaintop, looking out to all seven major peaks of the Blue Mountains. 1kg. 95. Blue Mountain coffee is grown in the misty Blue Mountains of Jamaica, which can be found to the north of the country’s capital, Kingston. Jamaica Blue Mountain Estate coffee is one of the most coveted coffees in the world because of its rich qualities. 95. The Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee from Clydesdale estate is a combination of high-quality beans across a select area in the Blue Mountains. Today Rocksteady employs 13 people, 80 per cent women in growing, processing and distributing organic, single origin, gourmet, 100 per cent Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee from its 17. To ensure freshness and your satisfaction, we will roast your coffee upon receipt of your order. 100% certified by the Jamaica Coffee Board, single cup coffee, medium and dark roasts, Peaberry, single estate coffee, micro-farms, roasted daily. McClarty´s example and realising the. sponsors and live musical performances. 3, Blue Mountain Peaberry. 17 $ 64 . Characteristics include full aroma, medium acidity, quick finish, and a perfectly balanced cup. 99. That is what we sell. specialty green coffee beans from jamaica and the world. Authentic Blue Mountain coffee is grown high in the mountains that rise above the island’s capital city of Kingston in an area designated by the Jamaican government at an altitude. In the mid-1970s, when I first tasted Jamaica Blue Mountain from a mill that exported a famous mark called Wallenford Estate, it was a fine coffee: lacking aromatic range and drama, perhaps, but impressively balanced, resonant and complete. Sir John's Peak 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain Peaberry Coffee, Includes Geisha. The 6 Best Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee Beans 2022. Phone & Email Support. The. Call us today to reserve your coffee, phone 403-380-4555. Save this product for later. DIRECTORY. Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee | 341 followers on LinkedIn. With so many Blue Mountain coffee labels on the market and knowing the small quantity actually produced, buying from the Clifton Mount estate owned label ensured a quality, delicate coffee that makes an excellent after dinner coffee. Coffee was first introduced to Jamaica in 1728 when Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes brought coffee seedlings from Martinique to the island. Coffee Export: 30,000 bags. Since the region is limited and is basically a name brand exporters can charge very high prices. 100% pure Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee is one of the rarest and most sought-after coffees in the world because of its wonderful flavor profile. One other subtle difference:Moy Hall Estate Coffee Jamaica Blue Mountain Single Serve Coffee for K Cup Keurig Brewing Systems-18 Count By Moy Hall Estate. JABLUM Roasted Whole Beans; JABLUM Gold Roasted Beans; Mavis Bank Jamaican Coffee;Wallenford Estate coffee is some of the most sought after coffee beans in the world. Roast: Medium Roast. [1] Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is an Arabica variety of the coffee bean that is called Typica [2] that originated in southwestern Ethiopia. autumn · fall coffee · flavor ideas · spiced · Nov 18, 2023. 2) 11. Free Shipping on all orders! Jamaica Blue Mountain Estate 100% Certified Pure Jamaica Blue Mountain Gourmet Coffee Hawaiian Kona Coffees Shop All Hawaiian Kona Coffees. ) 1900; Drip Coffee Bag 100;. Get directions. The saying in Jamaica is that there are only two places to buy the real thing - at the Blue Mountain estate or at the airport in duty free. The Blue Mountains in Jamaica are at elevations above 2,000 feet sea level where the rich soil and continuous rainfall combine to create conditions that are perfect. 99. . Jamaica Blue Mountain Reserve. Roast Medium Dark Roast. The coffee has blue green color, good acidity, intense aroma, fairly good body, clean. Pay in 3 interest-free payments of £13. SKU JAMWALESTAWHOLEBEAN. Island Blue 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain. Considered one of the best coffees in the world, it is distinguished by its unique location and micro-climate- grown at high altitude on a tropical island where near constant cloud cover gives perfect shading and the cool sea breezes provide ideal moisture. This ensures that each cup has the fullest manifestation of notes in both aroma and taste. 100% sun drying so there is 11. Amber Estate Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee is a premium. Our Wallenford Jamaica Blue Mountain coffee is the most recognized and sought after brand in the world. Visited the coffee estate Jan 19th, 2012 with Shawn from Barrett Adventures. 4-ounce tin with a twist lid. 100% pure certified Jamaica Blue Mountain Estate Coffee, Grade 1 is known throughout the world as one of the best gourmet coffees. Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is 100% authentic and certified by the Jamaica Agricultural Commodities Regulatory Authority (JACRA). J. Roasted on the farm. This gentle slope, high in the Jamaica Blue Mountains, produces Sherwood’s highest quality coffee. The Clifton Mount coffee greets you with an waft of chocolate and florals. Tax included. Level of Difficulty: 2 (Rating 1-5) App. 5km southwest of Section. 99 $ 51. Amber Estate Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee is a premium estate brand. We’re starting off with a stellar choice, a Peaberry coffee from a single estate. Just below 5,500 feet lies a rich forest reserve, housing one Jamaica's most valued assets; Blue Mountain Coffee trees. This is the real deal folks, the creme de la creme. The standard of quality for Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee is incomparable with any other coffee because of the stringent and precise regulations; this is the reason that this particular gourmet coffee is considered. 100% authentic and certified by the Jamaica Coffee Board, roasted daily and shipped direct to you for guaranteed freshness. Sir John’s Peak Estate was founded by the Salmon family over 30 years ago. Andrew to the south. 2. $49. 00. Middelfartvej 104 5610 Assens, Denmark. It’s freshly roasted and ground to order. And when discussing the pinnacle of Blue Mountain Coffee, Clifton Mount Estate is a name that’s whispered with reverence. Not only is Jamaican Blue Mountain considered by many to be the best coffee bean in the world, the No. 0 and 2. Flamstead Estate’s Peaberry is Mother Nature’s marriage of two beans forever entwined in a natural embrace. Located in the celebrated Sir John's Peak area of the Blue Mountain, this Estate was founded. In this area, the home of Wallenford Farm, Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee has been cultivated for over 250 years. The Clifton Mount Estate is one of the oldest coffee plantations in Jamaica, Clifton Mount has been producing beans of quality coffee beans since the 1790's. Clifton Mount has produced the highest quality coffee beans since the 1790's. Very Limited Supply. Day 4 – Clifton Mount Estate. Cost: $75 for adults, $50 for children under 12; Transport $200 for up to three adults with $50 each additional adult and $30 each additional child under 12. 5 lbs, 1 lbs, 5 lbs. 12 $3. 5 hours. Yet another outstanding product of the Wallenford Estate is Peaberry Coffee by Volcanica. 00. 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain Renowned as the world’s greatest coffee Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee is a real treat. Learn more. Thanks for an enjoyable visit. Qty: $299. Fresh Roasted Coffee, 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain, Medium Roast, Kosher, K-Cup Compatible, 24 Pods $39. CafeBLU – Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee. All our products are produced exclusively by the over 200 year old coffee estate in Jamaica, Sherwood Forest Coffee Estate. K-Cups · 18 Count (Pack of 1) 5. It has the longest mountain range in Jamaica and the highest point of 2256m, thus not the easiest place to work coffee crops. Level of Difficulty: 2 (Rating 1-5) App. Andrew parish, the Clydesdale Estate is at the center of the Blue Mountain coffee region. 22/Ounce) Get it as soon as Thursday, Oct 19Starbucks Reserve coffee buyer Ann Traumann describes what makes Jamaica Blue Mountain coffee so special. 95. One of the oldest coffee plantations in Jamaica, Clifton Mount has been producing beans of rare quality and aroma since the 1790's. Being a Peaberry, it is also typically is a little. To the left is Clifton Mount’s working coffee factory where one of Jamaica’s hottest commodities (literally) is made. There are a few small farms surrounding the property. com : Amber Estate Jamaican Blue Mountain Ground Coffee (8 Ounce) - Pack of 2 : Grocery & Gourmet FoodIf you' really want to explore your personal coffee taste these beans will take you to new heights, up to 6000 ft in fact. By the end of the day, you gain 4,000 feet of elevation. 00 ($143. The farm with its elegant Great House is located in the Newcastle region of the island and is situated on the Eastern slope of Catherine's Peak at 1300 metres above sea level. 99 ($3. Compatible with all Keurig brewing systems, it's perfect for any coffee lover!A classically smooth Jamaica Blue Mountain. 00 GBP. Qty: $67. It's the very highest estate on Blue Mountain and without question. 95 (12 ounces whole bean) at marleycoffee. This gentle slope, high in the Jamaica Blue Mountains, produces Sherwood’s highest quality coffee. 4 out of 5 stars 443 ratingsJamaican Blue Mountain coffee is the best. | 100% certified by the. It is a world-renowned coffee, and is known for its unique flavor and aroma. Light roasts (just after 1st crack) are pretty clean and tasty but more nutty, as one pushes darker the nuttiness. ABOUT THIS BLUE MOUNTAIN BLEND: • Gourmet Estate coffee from Jamaica • JCRA and coffee Industry board-certified, reserve quality beans • Pure Arabica Typica blend from Jamaican Mountains • Exceptionally smooth with rich nuances and creamy tones Shop Coffee Gifts. 17/kg) $75. Domestic Consumption: 10,000 bags. In the 1970s and 1980s, however, the Coffee Industry Board began. The medium roasting process helps the natural oils and flavors of Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee beans bloom!. Sasha Pavlovich. Mary, and St. 21)Roasted and Ground 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee, 16oz (1lb) Bag. The Flamstead farm stands, 3300 feet above sea level and lies in an area traditionally associated with. Whether you’re a java junkie, trying to cut back on your caffeine, or just love the aroma of coffee. Cafe Blue – 100% Authentic Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee, 1LB Whole Bean, from Clifton Mount Estate, Medium Roast, jamaican Arabica Coffee Beans, Coffee Bag Visit the Cafe Blue Cafe Blue Store 4. SEE ON VOLCANICA COFFEE. Additional Information: Drying: Sun Dry Process; Farm: Wallenford Estate; PH: 5. Plantation Blue 100% Blue Mountain Coffee Medium Roast Whole Beans from Jamaica (8oz) CHECK CURRENT PRICE. 1 Beans of Screen 17/18 sizes with maximum defects of 2% and maximum of 4% smaller (lower case) beans. It is a coffee of rich flavour and aroma, full body and. Grown in the mist-covered mountains of Jamaica, this unique brew has a story as rich as its taste. . Authenticity is paramount when it […]Amber Estate Coffee uses only the finest handpicked big bold beans from Screen size 19, 18 & 17, designated Jamaica Blue Mountain no. This item Coffee Roasters of Jamaica - 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee (16oz Whole Beans) Copper Moon Whole Bean Coffee, Light Roast, Guatemalan Blend, 5 Lb Kauai Whole Bean Coffee, Koloa Estate Medium Roast - Arabica Whole Bean Coffee from Hawaii’s Largest Coffee Grower - Bright Aroma with Light Floral Notes - 32. This ensures that each cup has the fullest manifestation of notes in both aroma and taste. Shop Coffee Gifts. He cultivated the crop at his Temple Hall Estate located in the fertile upland region of the Blue Mountains in St. 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain - Single Cup Coffee. This area contains some of the Caribbean's highest coffee -growing regions. Add the ground coffee to the filter. Zanèsia- Ceramics. Old Tavern Estate is one of a handful of Jamaican farms permitted to process and export its coffee as a distinct estate origin. We ship orders within 24-36 hours via USPS. This is one of the most sought-after coffees in the world. Region: Jamaica Blue Mountains. The dense rainforest that clings to these steep. Take the Blue Mountain Bicycle Tour for a coffee tour with a difference or visit Craighton Estate in the cool. Mary. Coffee brokers, small roasters, and large companies recognized that when they wanted 100% Blue Mountain Coffee they could trust Edgar Munn to provide the highest quality bean at a competitive price. Thomas, St. 50. 99. Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee Tours: 3 Places to Try. $15. At 5,000 ft, Sir John’s Peak is one of the highest points in the certified Blue. 100% Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee Pods. 00 out of 5 based on 1 customer rating. More time, some claim, for its rich flavor and aroma to develop. The moist Blue Mountains almost cover all of the eastern third of the island, and border the eastern parishes of Saint Thomas, Saint Mary, Portland and Saint Andrew south. Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is some of the rarest in the world. 1 for both the roasted beans and roasted ground. 4. 95 Quick View. Martinez Fine Coffees, importers and roasters of the finest coffees in the world and specializing in single estate coffee from the top growers from the premier coffee regions. Blue Mountain coffee is the number 1 coffee used to make coffee liqueurs. Jamaican Blue Mountain Estate Single Serve. 1. Tour the Blue Mountains Coffee Farms. 125 gram Founded in 1868 The Cinchona Estate is on a ridge projecting in a southerly direction out of the Blue Mountains. Thomas. 0; Single Origin Coffee: The Blue. We ventured to the original Cafe Blue for lunch, one of the eateries of the Blue Mountain Culinary Trail. N/A. Catherine’s Peak, this coffee is grown at an incredible 5000ft! Clydesdale. Blend made with Pure Jamaica Blue Mountain Reserve Coffee. Citarella describes Jamaican Blue Mountain Estate Roast this way: This is the most highly rated coffee in the world, rare and limited in production. The coffee is very rich, almost creamy, with a complex taste characterized by chocolate highlights. Blend of 100% Estate grown Jamaica Blue Mountain coffee, plus several exceptional Arabicas from Central and South America. Case Count: 12 x 16oz. Owned by the Sharp family since 1977, Clifton Mount Estate is fully integrated, with all aspects of processing handled internally. We find unique, responsibly produced. Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee. 4 4. 25 kgper person per year, comparedto up to 12 kg per person peryear in some countries. The standard of quality for Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee is incomparable with any other coffee because of the stringent and precise regulations; this is. 876-278-8016; zanesia876@gmail. US $ 20. The keys to great Jamaican Blue Mountain. Rated 5. To be certified as Blue Mountain Coffee, the beans must be cultivated at an elevation of between 1,800. Jamaica Blue Mountain Estate Coffee has a full body that is well-balanced; it delivers subtle acidity and a smooth chocolate finish leaving not a single trace of bitterness. 1% of the world’s coffee, Jamaican Blue Mountain beans command an average unit price of roughly $22-$35 dollars per. Try it today, you are in for an outstanding coffee treat. 0, our single-serve coffee pods are freshly roasted and packed on-site. Pick up an official JBM green bean barrel of 15, 30, or even 70kilos to make your coffee fanatics happy. 100% certified by the Jamaica Coffee Board, single cup coffee, medium and dark roasts, Peaberry, single estate coffee, micro-farms, roasted daily. At the time, coffee farming was limited to private plantations who grew the bean. Volcanica is a well-known company for supplying gourmet quality. Meet the people and farmers behind Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee, Clyd. Pittsburgh PA 15222. $84. 4 out of 5 stars 443 3 offers from $53. Martinez & Company offers the finest estate coffees, specialty coffee, and other gourmet coffee from around the world, including Jamaica Blue Mountain and Hawaii Kona coffee. " Jamaica Blue Mountain coffee Peaberry is 100% certified from the Wallenford Estate. Discover the finest coffee experience, direct to your door. The Wallenford Estate coffee is the Rolls Royce of the Jamaican coffee - there are a lot of coffees grown at lower altitudes that are not as good. A gentle mist cloaks the soaring heights of the Blue Mountains. 00 /Ounce) Temporarily out of stock. View all. The medium roasting process helps the natural oils and flavors of Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee beans bloom!. $ 29. Roasted to perfection, this single-serve cup produces a smooth and rich flavor with every brew. Following Dr. It is available in 8 oz. Characteristics include full aroma, medium acidity, quick finish, and a perfectly balanced cup. 99. Jamaica Blue Mountain Cuvee Single Coffee Pods 12-pk. It is so well-balanced that even those of us used to adulterating our coffee with sugar or milk will find that this coffee is supremely smooth when black. Similar to Hawaiian Kona coffee, authentic Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee is sought after due to small yearly crop yields and the quality of the coffee produced. Balanced chocolate tones with a bit of raised island acidity. Here are Sharp’s top tips for making the perfect cup: 1. $19. £16. The Greenwich Mountain Estate is the first fully integrated, single-estate coffee estate in modern Jamaica.